We prove new upper bound theorems on the consistency strengths of SPFA (θ), SPFA(θ-linked) and SPFA(θ⁺-cc). Our results are in terms of (θ, Γ)-subcompactness, which is a new large cardinal notion that combines the ideas behind subcompactness and Γ-indescribability. Our upper bound for SPFA(c-linked) has a corresponding lower bound, which is due to Neeman and appears in his follow-up to this paper. As a corollary, SPFA(c-linked) and PFA(c-linked) are each equiconsistent with the existence of a $\Sigma _{1}^{2}$ -indescribable cardinal. Our (...) upper bound for SPFA(c-c.c.) is a $\Sigma _{2}^{2}$ -indescribable cardinal, which is consistent with V = L. Our upper bound for SPFA(c⁺-linked) is a cardinal κ that is $(\kappa ^{+},\Sigma _{1}^{2})$ -subcompact, which is strictly weaker than κ⁺-supercompact. The axiom MM(c) is a consequence of SPFA(c⁺-linked) by a slight refinement of a theorem of Shelah. Our upper bound for SPFA(c⁺⁺-c.c.) is a cardinal κ that is $(\kappa ^{+},\Sigma _{2}^{2})$ -subcompact, which is also strictly weaker than κ⁺-supercompact. (shrink)

The book combines philosophical exposition and legal analysis, and pays special attention to issues of tort law.

Extends the ideas of social constructivism to the philosophy of mathematics, developing a powerful critique of traditional absolutist conceptions of mathematics, and proposing a reconceptualization of the philosophy of mathematics.

Examines men's efforts to escape from the fear of death by performing acts of human wickedness through socially-sanctioned institutions.

Dünyada müxtəlif dillər mövcuddur. Hal-hazırda əlavə xarici dil öyrənməyə maraq artmaqdadır. Təbii ki bu hər bir şəxsin öz istəyinə və seçiminə bağlıdır. Yəni hər kəs, hər hansı bir dili öyrəndiyi zaman, qarşısında iki məqsəd dayanır; ya o dili sevir, ya da o dili öyrənmək onun üçün lazımdır. Hər bir vətəndaşın borcudur ki, əvvəlcə öz ana dilini mükəmməl şəkildə öyrənsin. Lakin elm və texnologiyanın yüksək inkişaf etdiyi bir zamanda yalnız ana dilini bilmək kifayət etmir. İnsanın hər bir sahədə inkişafı üçün bacardığı (...) qədər başqa dillərə də yiyələnməsi artıq zəruridir. Yeni dil öyrənmənin faydaları çoxdur, yaddaşın güclənməsinə, söz ehtiyatının artmasına, nitqin gözəlləşməsinə səbəb olur. Həmçinin yeni dil öyrənməklə, insanın özünə güvəni artır, ünsiyyət dairəsi genişlənir. Bununla insan yalnız yeni sözlər deyil, yeni mədəniyyətlərlə də tanış olur və nəticədə dünyagörüşü artır. (shrink)

THE INDICATIVE CONDITIONAL. A PROBABILISTIC CRITERION OF SOUNDNESS FOR DEDUCTIVE INFERENCES Our objective in this section is to establish a prima facie case ...

This is a new release of the original 1927 edition.

This book is meant to be a primer, that is, an introduction, to probability logic, a subject that appears to be in its infancy. Probability logic is a subject envisioned by Hans Reichenbach and largely created by Adams. It treats conditionals as bearers of conditional probabilities and discusses an appropriate sense of validity for arguments such conditionals, as well as ordinary statements as premisses. This is a clear well-written text on the subject of probability logic, suitable for advanced undergraduates or (...) graduates, but also of interest to professional philosophers. There are well-thought-out exercises, and a number of advanced topics treated in appendices, while some are brought up in exercises and some are alluded to only in footnotes. By this means, it is hoped that the reader will at least be made aware of most of the important ramifications of the subject and its tie-ins with current research, and will have some indications concerning recent and relevant literature. (shrink)

A Virtue Epistemology presents a new approach to some of the oldest and most gripping problems of philosophy, those of knowledge and scepticism. Ernest Sosa argues for two levels of knowledge, the animal and the reflective, each viewed as a distinctive human accomplishment. By adopting a kind of virtue epistemology in line with the tradition found in Aristotle, Aquinas, Reid, and especially Descartes, he presents an account of knowledge which can be used to shed light on different varieties of (...) scepticism, the nature and status of intuitions, and epistemic normativity. (shrink)

Drawing from religion and the human sciences, particularly psychology after Freud, the author attempts to demonstrate that the fear of death is man's central ...

The purpose of this note is to dispute Michael Ayers' claim that "there is no special problem of subjunctive conditionals".

This Handbook represents a collective exploration of the emerging field of applied philosophy of language. The volume covers a broad range of areas where philosophy engages with linguistic aspects of our social world, including such hot topics as dehumanizing speech, dogwhistles, taboo language, pornography, appropriation, implicit bias, speech acts, and the ethics of communication. An international line-up of contributors adopt a variety of approaches and methods in their investigation of these linguistic phenomena, drawing on linguistics and the human and social (...) sciences as well as on different philosophical subdisciplines. The aim is to map out fruitful areas of research and to stimulate discussion with thought-provoking essays by leading and emerging philosophers. (shrink)

This volume of _Philosophical Issues_, on normativity, has unusually broad scope, and should have correspondingly broad appeal both because of its issues and because of its contributors. This volume includes pieces on moral psychology, theory of reasons and rationality, political philosophy, ethics, metaethics, and epistemology. Includes a book symposium on Brad Hooker's _Ideal Code, Real World_, with contributions by Richard Arneson and Alison McIntyre, along with Brad Hooker's response.

The standard use of the propositional calculus ('P.C.?) in analyzing the validity of inferences involving conditionals leads to fallacies, and the problem is to determine where P.C. may be ?safely? used. An alternative analysis of criteria of reasonableness of inferences in terms of conditions of justification rather than truth of statements is proposed. It is argued, under certain restrictions, that P. C. may be safely used, except in inferences whose conclusions are conditionals whose antecedents are incompatible with the premises in (...) the sense that if the antecedent became known, some of the previously asserted premises would have to be withdrawn. (shrink)

A seminal work on the unconscious and its mechanisms. Examines the interaction between voluntary (conscious) and involuntary (unconscious) human control mechanisms in terms of dissociation of divided consciousness. Delineates a neodissociation interpretation that recognizes historical roots without requiring commitment. Presents a wide range of data on possession states, fugues, multiple personalities, amnesia, dreams, hallucinations, automatic writing, and aggressions.

The article is dedicated to the study of Ali Bey Huseynzadeh's contribution to the realization of national self-awareness and political awakening in Azerbaijan. During his lifetime, The prominent reformist thinker, who struggled to ensure the sustainability of the people's development, tried to determine the superiority of the West in science and technology, and the reasons for the East's lag behind in this development. For this purpose, the article examines its activities in 3 directions: The first part of the article is (...) devoted to the application of Western science to the East in the way of modernization. It mainly reflects the principles he proposed to build a strong society, based on his works. The second part analyzes two factors, such as conservatism and imitation, which thinker considers as a threat to the formation of a strong society. These two sides are assessed as the greatest threat to the development of the people. The third part of the article touches on the attitude to ideological views in the struggle for free governance. In conclusion, once again emphasizes the services of Ali bey Huseynzade in the process of national self-awareness. (shrink)

The literary interior, carrying out the most important function in the text of any literary work, plays a key role in revealing the author’s intention and in the narration strategy. Unlike the landscape and nature description, the interior is a depiction of the “closed space” where the protagonist lives. This space keeps traces of the hero’s habits, psychological state, and other features. As the literary-aesthetic trends replaced each other, the interior’s variety also changed, and over the time, it attained literary (...) functions namely in the establishment of the text and in revealing the author’s idea and intention. The description of any space in the text of a literary work is not casual, as after this description we are witness to the depiction of hero living in this space; the matter is that these two successive depictions are not forgotten and stimulate the revealing of various significance levels occurring in the literary text. There are explicit and implicit interiors. The successive description of the space in the literary text is of symbolic meaning and serves to reveal its functionality. If, say, a carpet is described in the space of an artistic work, or its existence is confirmed in this space, it is necessarily related to the meanings hidden in the inner world of the hero. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungPrinzipien und Dialektik. Zwei Arten Dialektik: Die Rückkehr zum «Anhypoteton» und das dialektisierende Denken. Beide Tendenzen sind gleichsam charakterisiert durch die Hervorhebung der Aktivität des Denkens. Das formale Denken aber sucht den Ursprung dieser Aktivität, während das dialektisierende Denken deren Anwendung feststellen will. Auf dem Suchen nach einem ersten Ursprung ist das formale Denken in Gefahr bloss formale Bedingungen zu erreichen. Das dialektisierende Denken will aber nur die Orientierung in dem gegebenen gegenwärtigen Suchen feststellen; dabei scheint es die Idee einer (...) ewigen Ordnung der Dinge preiszugcben, bleibt jedoch der menschlichen Situation treu. Beide Richtungen haben Sinn für entgegengesetzte Ziele. Möglichkeit einer anthropologischen Problematik. (shrink)

The five main arguments that Freud employs against the love commandment in "Civilization and Its Discontents" are examined in light of the psychological and ethical doctrines they presuppose. Freud's theory of narcissism is explored for its implications regarding psychological egosim, altruism, mutuality, universal love, and equality. A normative response to Freud's critique of the love commandment is sketched.

We study the fine structure of the core model for one Woodin cardinal, building of the work of Mitchell and Steel on inner models of the form . We generalize to some combinatorial principles that were shown by Jensen to hold in L. We show that satisfies the statement: “□κ holds whenever κ the least measurable cardinal λ of order λ++”. We introduce a hierarchy of combinatorial principles □κ, λ for 1 λ κ such that □κ□κ, 1 □κ, λ □κ, (...) κ□κ*. We prove that if holds in V. As an application, we show that ZFC + PFA Con. We also obtain one Woodin cardinal as a lower bound on the consistency strength of stationary reflection at κ+ for a singular, countably closed limit cardinal κ such that # exists; likewise for the failure of □κ* at such a κ. (shrink)

Ernest Lepore and Kirk Ludwig present the definitive critical exposition of the philosophical system of Donald Davidson. Davidson 's ideas had a deep and broad influence in the central areas of philosophy; he presented them in brilliant essays over four decades, but never set out explicitly the overarching scheme in which they all have their place. Lepore's and Ludwig's book will therefore be the key work, besides Davidson 's own, for understanding one of the greatest philosophers of the twentieth (...) century. (shrink)